OCPP 1.6 vs OCPP 2.0.1: Which Protocol Should You Choose?

OCPP 1.6 vs OCPP 2.0.1: Which Protocol Should You Choose?

The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) has become the de facto standard for communication between EV chargers and central management systems. As the protocol evolves, buyers and operators face a practical question: should you deploy on the mature OCPP 1.6, or invest in the newer OCPP 2.0.1? The answer depends on your deployment timeline, security requirements, backend capability, and the types of vehicles you expect to serve. This article compares the two protocol versions across features, security, interoperability, and total cost of ownership to help you make an informed decision.

A Brief History of OCPP

OCPP was originally developed in 2009 by the Open Charge Alliance (OCA) to solve a simple problem: chargers from different manufacturers could not talk to the same backend software. Since then, it has evolved through multiple versions:

• OCPP 1.5 — Early adoption phase, limited feature set.
• OCPP 1.6 — Widely deployed since 2015. Added JSON support, smart charging, and firmware management.
• OCPP 2.0 — Major architectural rewrite with improved security and device management.
• OCPP 2.0.1 — Current recommended version. Refines 2.0 with backward-compatible fixes and clearer specification language.

The protocol is open, royalty-free, and maintained by the Open Charge Alliance, with participation from charge point manufacturers, backend providers, utilities, and automakers.

Feature Comparison

The table shows that OCPP 2.0.1 is technically superior in almost every dimension. However, technical superiority does not always translate into immediate deployment value.

Security: The Biggest Difference

OCPP 1.6 relies on Transport Layer Security (TLS) and basic authentication, typically username and password or client-side certificates. While this is adequate for many deployments, it has known limitations:

• Stolen credentials can grant unrestricted backend access.
• There is no standardized mechanism for certificate revocation.
• Firmware updates are signed but not always encrypted.
• Device management commands lack strong authentication.

OCPP 2.0.1 introduces Security Profile 3, which uses public key infrastructure (PKI) for charger and backend authentication. Each charger receives a unique certificate, and the backend verifies identity through a trusted certificate authority. This eliminates shared passwords and enables secure certificate rotation.

For deployments in regulated environments, high-traffic corridors, or enterprise fleets, the security improvements in OCPP 2.0.1 are often reason enough to choose the newer protocol.

Smart Charging and ISO 15118

OCPP 1.6 supports basic smart charging through the Smart Charging profile. It can limit power at individual chargers or respond to price signals. However, it does not natively integrate with vehicle-to-charger communication defined by ISO 15118.

OCPP 2.0.1 was designed alongside ISO 15118 and supports Plug & Charge. With Plug & Charge, the vehicle and charger authenticate each other automatically, eliminating the need for RFID cards, mobile apps, or credit card readers. The vehicle authorizes payment, the charger delivers energy, and the transaction is settled seamlessly.

Plug & Charge is still rolling out across vehicle models and charging networks, but it is expected to become the standard experience for premium EVs and fleet vehicles within this decade.

Device Management and Operational Efficiency

One of the most practical improvements in OCPP 2.0.1 is comprehensive device management. Operators can:

• Monitor charger health, temperatures, and component status remotely.
• Push configuration changes without site visits.
• Retrieve diagnostic logs on demand.
• Manage firmware updates with signed packages and rollback capability.
• Control display messages and tariff presentation.

For networks with hundreds or thousands of chargers, these capabilities reduce truck rolls, shorten repair times, and improve uptime. A charger that can report its own fault code before a customer complains is significantly cheaper to maintain than one that requires manual diagnosis.

Interoperability Reality Check

OCPP is a framework, not a guarantee of plug-and-play interoperability. Two chargers may both claim OCPP 1.6 compatibility yet behave differently with the same backend because the standard leaves room for implementation choices. Common issues include:

• Different interpretations of meter value formatting.
• Variations in how connectors and sessions are reported.
• Custom extensions that are not part of the standard.

OCPP 2.0.1 reduces some of this ambiguity with clearer data models and mandatory profiles, but interoperability still requires testing. Before selecting a charger and backend combination, run a pilot with real transactions, firmware updates, and fault scenarios.

When to Choose OCPP 1.6

Despite the advantages of OCPP 2.0.1, OCPP 1.6 remains a valid choice in several scenarios:

• Short deployment timelines. If your backend only supports 1.6 and migration is not planned, deploying 1.6 avoids integration risk.
• Mature backend ecosystems. Many charge point operators have stable, proven 1.6 platforms that meet current needs.
• Simple use cases. Workplaces, residential buildings, and low-traffic sites may not need Plug & Charge or advanced device management.
• Cost sensitivity. In some cases, 1.6 hardware and backend packages are less expensive because the market is larger.

OCPP 1.6 is not obsolete. It is a stable protocol that will continue to serve many sites for years.

When to Choose OCPP 2.0.1

OCPP 2.0.1 is the better choice when:

• Security is a primary concern, such as for federal-funded NEVI sites or corporate fleets.
• You want to support Plug & Charge and ISO 15118 vehicle communication.
• Your network will scale to hundreds or thousands of chargers and needs remote device management.
• You are deploying in Europe or other markets where 2.0.1 is becoming the default.
• You want richer transaction data for dynamic pricing and energy management.

The investment in OCPP 2.0.1 pays off most clearly in large, long-lived deployments where operational efficiency and future-proofing matter more than upfront cost.

Migration Considerations

Moving from OCPP 1.6 to 2.0.1 is not a simple firmware update. It often requires:

• New charger hardware or significant firmware redevelopment.
• Backend software that supports 2.0.1 data models and security profiles.
• Certificate management infrastructure.
• Re-testing of all integrations, including payment, roaming, and fleet systems.

For this reason, many operators choose OCPP 2.0.1 only for new deployments and keep existing 1.6 chargers running until end of life. A mixed network is common and manageable with backend platforms that support both protocols.

OCPP and Total Cost of Ownership

Protocol choice affects total cost of ownership in subtle ways. OCPP 2.0.1 may have higher upfront integration costs but lower ongoing operational costs due to better device management and security. OCPP 1.6 may be cheaper to deploy today but require earlier replacement or security upgrades.

When evaluating TCO, consider firmware management, support ticket volume, roaming compatibility, and the cost of future protocol migration. For a detailed framework, see our article on total cost of ownership for EV charging infrastructure.

OCPP Network Architecture: How Chargers Talk to Backends

Understanding OCPP requires understanding the basic network architecture. Each charge point connects to a central system over the internet, typically using WebSockets for persistent, bidirectional communication. The central system manages transactions, pricing, user authentication, firmware updates, and reporting.

In OCPP 1.6, the architecture is relatively simple. The charger initiates a WebSocket connection to the central system and exchanges JSON messages. Authorization can be based on RFID tokens, local lists, or remote start commands from a mobile app.

OCPP 2.0.1 introduces more sophisticated message flows. It supports enhanced transaction data, display management, and ISO 15118 integration. The protocol also defines clearer roles for the charge point, the central system, and third-party systems such as clearing houses and mobility service providers.

For both versions, network reliability matters. Chargers in remote locations or underground parking structures may need redundant connectivity such as cellular backup. A charger that loses connection should still operate safely and queue transaction data for later upload.

Backend Software Selection

The backend software is as important as the charger hardware. Even the best charger will underperform with a poorly designed central system. When evaluating backend providers, consider:

• Protocol support: Does the platform support OCPP 1.6, 2.0.1, or both?
• Roaming integration: Can drivers from other networks access your chargers?
• Payment processing: Does the platform support credit card, mobile payment, and RFID?
• Pricing flexibility: Can you set time-of-use rates, session fees, and energy fees?
• Reporting and analytics: Does it provide the data you need for NEVI reporting and business decisions?
• API access: Can you integrate with your own apps, fleet systems, or CRM?

Some operators prefer an all-in-one solution from the charger manufacturer. Others prefer a third-party charge point operator platform. Both approaches can work, but the integration between charger and backend must be tested thoroughly.

Field Testing Before Full Deployment

Protocol compatibility on paper does not guarantee smooth operation in the field. Before rolling out a large network, run a pilot with real vehicles, real transactions, and real fault conditions. Test scenarios should include:

• Starting and stopping sessions via RFID, app, and credit card.
• Power sharing and load management across multiple chargers.
• Firmware updates over the air.
• Network disconnection and reconnection.
• Meter value accuracy and reporting.
• Error handling for ground faults, overvoltage, and connector issues.

A two- to four-week pilot with multiple vehicle types will reveal integration issues that no specification review can catch.

OCPP and Future-Proofing

The EV charging industry is evolving rapidly. Connector standards, vehicle capabilities, and grid integration requirements will change over the life of a charging asset. Choosing OCPP 2.0.1 is one way to future-proof, but it is not the only consideration.

Future-ready charging infrastructure should also support:

• ISO 15118 Plug & Charge for seamless vehicle authentication.
• Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) or vehicle-to-building (V2B) bidirectional power flows.
• Dynamic load management responding to grid signals.
• Integration with distributed energy resources such as solar and storage.

For a look at bidirectional opportunities, see our article on V2G technology and revenue potential.

Roaming and Interoperability Networks

For public charging networks, roaming allows drivers from one network to use chargers on another network. OCPP is the underlying protocol, but roaming itself is handled by platforms such as Hubject, Gireve, or direct bilateral agreements.

OCPP 1.6 has well-established roaming integrations because it has been deployed longer. OCPP 2.0.1 roaming is growing but may require newer clearinghouse support. When planning a network, confirm that your backend supports the roaming partnerships your target customers expect.

Roaming affects revenue, utilization, and customer experience. A charger that cannot accept roaming tokens may exclude a large portion of potential users.

Cybersecurity Considerations

As charging infrastructure becomes more connected, cybersecurity becomes more important. OCPP 2.0.1 addresses several vulnerabilities present in OCPP 1.6:

• Certificate-based authentication eliminates shared passwords.
• Signed firmware updates prevent malicious code installation.
• Secure boot ensures only authorized firmware runs.
• Detailed security event logging aids incident response.

For networks subject to regulations such as NERC CIP, state cybersecurity requirements, or corporate IT policies, OCPP 2.0.1's security profile is a significant advantage.

Migration Planning for Existing Networks

If you already operate OCPP 1.6 chargers and are considering OCPP 2.0.1, plan the migration carefully:

• Audit existing hardware for 2.0.1 support.
• Evaluate backend software readiness.
• Test a small pilot group before network-wide rollout.
• Train operations staff on new features and security procedures.
• Update network monitoring and alerting to capture 2.0.1 data.

Many operators will run mixed 1.6 and 2.0.1 networks for years. Choose a backend that supports both protocols natively to simplify this transition.

OCPP and ISO 15118 Integration

The relationship between OCPP and ISO 15118 is critical for next-generation charging. While OCPP manages communication between the charger and the central system, ISO 15118 manages communication between the vehicle and the charger. Together, they enable:

• Plug & Charge: Automatic vehicle identification and authorization.
• Smart charging at the vehicle level: The vehicle can communicate its charging needs and constraints.
• Bidirectional power: Secure control of vehicle-to-grid or vehicle-to-home power flows.
• Secure firmware updates: Over-the-air updates validated through vehicle and charger certificates.

OCPP 2.0.1 was designed with ISO 15118 integration in mind, making it the preferred choice for networks that plan to support these advanced features. OCPP 1.6 can support some ISO 15118 functions through extensions, but the integration is less standardized.

OCPP in Multi-Vendor Networks

Many charging networks use hardware from multiple manufacturers. OCPP was designed to enable this, but multi-vendor networks require careful management. Challenges include:

• Different interpretations of OCPP message timing and formatting.
• Varying support for smart charging commands.
• Inconsistent firmware update procedures.
• Different diagnostic data formats.

To manage multi-vendor networks effectively, establish clear interoperability requirements in procurement contracts, run joint testing before deployment, and maintain a central monitoring platform that normalizes data across vendors.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does OCPP stand for?

OCPP stands for Open Charge Point Protocol. It is an open communication standard that allows EV chargers and central management systems from different manufacturers to exchange information.

Is OCPP free to use?

Yes. OCPP is an open protocol maintained by the Open Charge Alliance. There are no licensing fees to use the protocol, though implementation and backend software may have costs.

Can OCPP 1.6 and OCPP 2.0.1 chargers operate on the same network?

Yes, if the backend supports both protocols. Many charge management platforms can manage mixed fleets. However, features available to each charger depend on the protocol version it supports.

Does OCPP guarantee interoperability?

No. OCPP provides a common framework, but manufacturers may implement features differently. Field testing is necessary to confirm interoperability between specific chargers and backends.

Do I need OCPP 2.0.1 today?

If you are building a simple site with a mature backend, OCPP 1.6 may be sufficient. If security, scalability, and future features like Plug & Charge are priorities, OCPP 2.0.1 is the better choice.

Key Takeaways

• OCPP 1.6 is mature, widely supported, and suitable for simple or short-term deployments.
• OCPP 2.0.1 offers stronger security, better device management, and native Plug & Charge support.
• Security Profile 3 with PKI is a major improvement over the basic authentication used in OCPP 1.6.
• Both protocols require field testing to confirm interoperability between specific chargers and backends.
• Mixed networks with OCPP 1.6 and 2.0.1 chargers are common and manageable with the right backend.

Conclusion

Both OCPP 1.6 and OCPP 2.0.1 are viable protocols, but they serve different strategic needs. OCPP 1.6 offers maturity, broad compatibility, and lower integration risk for simple deployments. OCPP 2.0.1 delivers stronger security, richer device management, and a path to Plug & Charge for networks that plan to operate at scale for a decade or more.

The right choice depends on your specific site requirements, backend roadmap, and risk tolerance. The FBK POWER Split-Type DC Charging Cabinet and AC charging stations support both OCPP 1.6 and OCPP 2.0.1, giving you flexibility to match your network strategy. Request a quote or contact our team to discuss which protocol configuration is right for your project.

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This article was researched using [Open Charge Alliance OCPP 1.6 Specification](https://www.openchargealliance.org), [Open Charge Alliance OCPP 2.0.1 Specification](https://www.openchargealliance.org), and [ISO 15118 Vehicle-to-Grid Communication](https://www.iso.org/standard/77816.html). OCPP data references [NREL Charging Protocol Research](https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/charging-infrastructure.html) and [DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center](https://afdc.energy.gov).